Evidence from the energy-technology-growth nexus: A new study based on technology-minerals based complexity index.

The increasing trend in sustainable economic growth over the last few decades has elevated the energy demand, technological innovation, and access to minerals resources are contributing well to economic development. This article investigates the nexus among minerals resource complexity, energy consumption, technology, and economic growth by employing autoregressive distributed lag and vector error correction techniques for Pakistan from 1995 to 2021. Following thorough research, the long-term results show that an important 9.73 points of economic growth result from every 1 % increase in the complexity of natural resources. On the other hand, technology and energy use negatively affect economic growth, causing drops of -0.03 and -12.9 points, respectively. One-way causality was noted between mineral resources' complexity and economic growth. Moreover, a one-sided causality effect was also confirmed between energy use, technology, and economic growth. Additionally, it was predicted that there is a neutral causality between mineral resources and technology. Corresponding to this, technology and energy consumption have a bidirectional causal relationship. These results imply that energy consumption, technological advancements, and mineral resources contribute as major economic growth drivers and can improve environmental quality.

Do industrialization and nonrenewable energy affect environmental quality? Evidence from top fossil fuel-consuming countries.

The global warming phenomenon has been an issue of considerable discussion and debate among academics and decision-makers over the past few decades. Therefore, a deeper comprehension of the relationships between environmental deterioration and its causes is necessary in nations that rely on fossil fuels. This study examines the relationship between per capita carbon dioxide emissions and total natural resources, nonrenewable energy, industrialization, and ecological footprint from 2001 to 2020 in the case of major fossil fuel-consuming countries. The most recent panel Granger causality and panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) simulation models are used in this study. The findings indicate that natural resources, ecological footprint, and registered companies impede environmental quality. Similarly, the same results were noted by employing the generalized least square method. A feedback effect was noted between carbon dioxide emission and ecological footprint, while unidirectional causality between coal consumption and carbon emission. In light of these findings, it is advised that instead of pursuing policies that encourage the use of coal and petroleum, new energy policies enhance the share of nonfossil fuels in the energy mix for controlling rapid industrialization, extraction of natural resources, and environmental and economic issues.

Environmental quality and the asymmetrical nonlinear consequences of energy consumption, trade openness and economic development: prospects for environmental management and carbon neutrality.

Economic expansion gives rise to modern and energy-efficient technologies and, thus, contributes to a decline in energy usage. Developing countries, including Pakistan, require tremendous efforts to sustain economic growth. However, to attain economic growth, these countries have to cope with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other environmental problems. This research focuses primarily on the asymmetric impacts of energy consumption and economic growth on Pakistan's environmental quality. Accordingly, secondary data spanning from 1971 to 2018 was used, and carbon dioxide emission (CO2) was considered a target variable (a proxy for environmental quality), whereas energy consumption (E) and gross domestic product (GDP) as a proxy for economic growth, and trade accessibility (TR) and foreign direct investment (FDI) as control variables. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach is used to verify the asymmetric co-integration between the variables selected. Moreover, to examine data stationarity and nonlinearity, we used the Zivot-Andrews structural break unit root and BDS tests, respectively. The findings confirmed the asymmetric and symmetric co-integrations among the considered variables. In addition, the causality analysis reveals that only negative shocks to TR have an effect on CO2 emissions. Similarly, negative shocks to FDI asymmetrically cause CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, GDP symmetrically affects CO2 emissions. Finally, a neutral causal response was observed between E and CO2 emissions. These findings have policy implications in terms of environmental management and carbon neutrality, and they serve as a baseline for future research.

Asymmetric impact of energy consumption and economic growth on ecological footprint: Using asymmetric and nonlinear approach.

The main objective of this article is to examine the impacts of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental quality in Pakistan. We use the ecological footprint (environmental quality) as a target variable, the control variables of gross domestic products are a proxy of economic growth, and energy consumption and gross fixed capital formation are proxies of capital from 1971 to 2014. For this purpose, a unit root test with break dates is employed for a stationary check, and a BDS test is used for nonlinearity. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach is employed to assess the asymmetric co-integration among the variables. These results confirm the asymmetric co-integration among the variables. The asymmetric causality technique is also applied to scrutinize the causal link between the variables. The asymmetric feedback effect is observed between positive shocks to environmental quality and energy consumption, and symmetrically, environmental quality causes energy consumption. By contrast, the neutral effect is observed among environmental quality, economic growth, and capital. Based on these findings, current energy portfolios should be diversified by either enhancing or incorporating renewable energy technologies, and this is indispensable to support the existing successful strides of environmental policies. Thus, policymakers must buttress their commitments to reduce emissions by sustaining and decarbonizing the trajectory of economic growth.

Does Cereal crops asymmetrically affect Agriculture gross domestic product in Pakistan? Using NARDL model approach / As colheitas de cereais afetam assimetricamente o produto interno bruto da agricultura no Paquistão? Usando a abordagem do modelo NARDL

ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among rice, maize and wheat production with agriculture gross domestic product (AGDP) of Pakistan. We use time series data from 1970 to 2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. Short run and long run shocks between the selected variables and result's is checked through the co-integration and nonlinear error correction model.Autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach for co-integration and to find the relationship between variables Granger causality test is applied.Our results confirm co-integration, positive shocks results show that rice, maize and wheat production have significantly influence on AGDP. The asymmetrically positive shocks of three crops have neutral effect on AGDP. While in symmetric results show the unidirectional effect between rice, maize production with AGDP and wheat production do not have ganger causality with AGDP. Finally, results depict that wheat, maize and rice production significantly contributes to agricultural GDP in the case of Pakistan.

RESUMO: Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre a produção de arroz, milho e trigo com produto interno bruto agrícola (AGDP) do Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais de 1970 a 2017 e empregamos o modelo NARDL (Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag). Choques de curto e longo prazo entre as variáveis selecionadas e os resultados são verificados por meio do modelo de co-integração e correção não linear de erros. É aplicada uma abordagem de teste de atraso retardado distribuído autorregressivo para co-integração e para encontrar a relação entre variáveis. Nossos resultados confirmam a co-integração; os resultados de choques positivos mostram que a produção de arroz, milho e trigo influencia significativamente na AGDP. Os choques assimétricos positivos de três culturas têm efeito neutro no AGDP. Enquanto nos resultados simétricos mostram o efeito unidirecional entre o arroz, a produção de milho com AGDP e a produção de trigo não têm causalidade de ganger com AGDP. Finalmente, os resultados mostram que a produção de trigo, milho e arroz contribui significativamente para o PIB agrícola no caso do Paquistão.

The impact of agriculture trade and exchange rate on economic growth of Pakistan: an NARDL and asymmetric analysis approach / O impacto do comércio agrícola e da taxa decâmbio no crescimento econômico do Paquistão: uma abordagem de análise NARDL e assimétrica

ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among agriculture export, import exchange rate and economic growth in Pakistan. We used annual time series data for 1980-2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL testing results affirms asymmetric co-integration among the variables. The study main results show: (i) Co-integration test for long run the positive shocks in export and import have positive significant while exchange rate has positive effect the economic growth. (ii) Co-integration test for short run the positive shocks in import has positive significant and while Export and exchange rate have negative significant effect on economic growth. The symmetrical results show: (i) Export has unidirectional granger causality (ii) Exchange rate has bidirectional granger causality (iii) Import has not ganger causality with economic growth. In addition, the results demonstrated that causality relationship can help out policy maker to design such policies which are useful to economic growth of Pakistan, which could further promote foreign trade to gain the maximum level of economic growth.

RESUMO: Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre exportação agrícola, taxa de câmbio de importação e crescimento econômico no Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais anuais para 1980-2017 e empregamos o modelo Não-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL). Os resultados dos testes NARDL afirmam a co-integração assimétrica entre as variáveis. Os principais resultados do estudo mostram: (i) no teste de co-integração de longo prazo, os choques positivos nas exportações e importações têm uma significância positiva, enquanto a taxa de câmbio afeta positivamente o crescimento econômico; (ii) Teste de co-integração para curto prazo, os choques positivos nas importações são positivos significativos e, enquanto a exportação e a taxa de câmbio têm um efeito negativo significativo no crescimento econômico. Os resultados simétricos mostram: (i) a exportação tem causalidade unidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (ii) a taxa de câmbio tem causalidade bidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (iii) a importação não tem causalidade sobre o crescimento econômico. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a relação de causalidade pode ajudar o formulador de políticas a elaborar políticas úteis ao crescimento econômico do Paquistão, o que poderia promover ainda mais o comércio exterior para obter o nível máximo de crescimento econômico.